JP Vernant points out the connection between writing and democratization: “In the kingdoms of the New East, writing was a privilege and specialty of scribes. Writing enabled the royal administration to control the economic and social life of the State by keeping records of it. Its purpose was to constitute archives which were always kept more or less secret inside the palace.” In Greece, on the other hand, “instead of being the exclusive privilege of one caste, the secret belonging to a class of scribes working for the palace of the king, writing becomes the ‘common property’ of all citizens, an instrument of publicity . . . . Laws had to be written down . . . . The consequences of this change in the social status of writing will be fundamental for intellectual history.”
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