Madness in what Foucault calls the “classical period” is conceived as a dazzlement – the madman is darkened with excessive light. In this context, “the Cartesian formula of doubt is certainly the great exorcism of madness. Descartes closes his eyes and plugs up his ears the better to see the true brightness of essential daylight; thus he is secured against the dazzlement of the madman who, opening his eyes, sees only night, and not seeing at all, believes he sees when he imagines. In the uniform lucidity of his closed senses, Descartes has broken with all possible fascination, and if he sees, he is certain of seeing that which he sees.”
This exorcism of madness is simultaneously, as Foucault says, an exorcism of fascination, which appears to be a denial of the ancient axiom that philosophy begins in wonder.
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